Four legal routes for a Vietnamese nurse to work in Germany
A side-by-side comparison of the recognition partnership, the recognition visa, the skilled-worker permit, and vocational training - what each requires, how long it takes, what it costs, and who it suits. Last verified 7 July 2026.
A Vietnamese nurse can work in Germany legally through four routes, depending on how far their German recognition has progressed. The recognition partnership (§16d(3) AufenthG) fits an already-qualified nurse with a German job offer but no recognition yet - they work as an assistant while pursuing the licence, needing only A2 German to start. The recognition visa (§16d(1)) closes a partial-recognition gap via an adaptation course or exam. The skilled-worker permit (§18a/§18b) is the cleanest route once recognition and the licence exist; nursing requires B2. Vocational training (§16a), needing B1, suits new entrants, not already-qualified nurses.
The route matrix
| Recognition partnership §16d(3) AufenthG | Recognition visa / qualification measure §16d(1) AufenthG | Skilled-worker permit §18a / §18b AufenthG | Vocational training (Ausbildung) §16a AufenthG | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Best-use case | Already a qualified nurse (home-country recognition) + a concrete German job offer, but no German recognition yet. Start the recognition procedure after arrival while working. | Already holds a German partial-recognition notice (Defizitbescheid) and needs to complete an adaptation course (Anpassungslehrgang) or knowledge exam (Kenntnisprüfung). | Full German recognition and the professional licence are already in place. The clean post-recognition route to work as a full nurse. | New entrants - including nursing students or career-changers - who want to train as a nurse in Germany from the start. Less suited to already-qualified nurses. |
| Minimum language floor | A2 to apply (since March 2024) | A2 to apply | B2 in practice (professional admission for nursing) | B1 for the visa (employers/chambers often expect B2) |
| Can the candidate work before full recognition? | Yes - as an assistant in regulated nursing until the licence is granted; full-nurse work only after recognition. | Yes, limited - work tied to the qualification measure is unrestricted (with BA approval); unrelated work up to 20 h/week. | This is the post-recognition route - the candidate already works as a fully recognized nurse. | Yes, as a trainee - within the Ausbildung; limited side work permitted. |
| Official duration & extension | Issued for up to 12 months, extendable in yearly steps to a maximum of 3 years. | 24 months on first issue, extendable by a further 12 months, to a maximum of 3 years. | Tied to the employment; a longer-term residence title leading to settlement. | The duration of the training (nursing Ausbildung is typically 3 years). |
| Main official fees | National visa €75; ZAB Statement of Comparability €208 or Statement on a Foreign Vocational Qualification €150 (for visa proof); optional employer fast-track €411; state recognition procedure (Berlin nursing example €164). | National visa €75; recognition-procedure fee (Berlin nursing example €164); adaptation-course / exam costs vary by provider and federal state. | National visa €75; recognition + professional-licence fees already incurred before this stage. | National visa €75 (or training-visa fee); recognition not required up-front - the qualification is earned in Germany. |
| What it is not | Not a job guarantee and not a finished recognition - the licence still has to be earned in Germany. | Not an entry route for someone with no recognition file started. | Not available until recognition + licence exist. | Not a fast route for an already-qualified nurse - it restarts training from scratch. |
All four routes additionally require a concrete employment or training relationship with a German employer and, in regulated nursing, individual professional recognition before the candidate may practise as a full nurse. Approval by the Federal Employment Agency (Bundesagentur für Arbeit) applies to the working routes.
How to choose
The single rule that decides most cases: A2 German can get you into the country, but B2 is what licenses you to practise as a full nurse. Pick your route by how far your recognition has progressed.
- Choose the recognition partnership (§16d(3)) if you are an already-qualified nurse with a job offer but no German recognition yet, and you want to start working (as an assistant) and pursuing recognition at the same time. A2 is enough to begin; B2 is the real target for the licence.
- Choose the recognition visa (§16d(1)) if you already have a German partial-recognition notice and just need to complete the adaptation course or knowledge exam it specifies.
- Choose the skilled-worker permit (§18a/§18b) if your qualification is already fully recognized and you hold the professional licence - this is the most direct path to working as a full nurse.
- Choose vocational training (§16a) only if you are not yet a qualified nurse and want to train in Germany from the beginning.
Not sure which fits? Use the recognition-readiness check - it runs entirely in your browser, stores nothing, and asks for no contact details.
Official sources
- Make it in Germany - visa for the recognition partnership; visa for recognition of foreign qualifications; work visa for qualified professionals (skilled workers); vocational-training visa; Skilled Immigration Act overview. (make-it-in-germany.com)
- German Embassy / Federal Foreign Office (Auswärtiges Amt) - national visa category D for recognition of foreign qualifications (§16d); national visa fee €75. (auswaertiges-amt.de; German missions in Vietnam)
- ZAB (Zentralstelle für ausländisches Bildungswesen / KMK) - Statement of Comparability fee €208; Statement on a Foreign Vocational Qualification fee €150. (zab.kmk.org)
- Fast-track skilled-worker procedure (§81a AufenthG) - €411 fee, charged by the local immigration authority (Ausländerbehörde), typically borne by the employer. (make-it-in-germany.com; bamf.de)
- LAGeSo / Landesprüfungsamt Berlin - third-country nursing recognition fee €164; adaptation course vs. knowledge exam; B2 expectation. (service.berlin.de)
- Aufenthaltsgesetz (AufenthG) §§16a, 16d, 18a, 18b - primary statute. (gesetze-im-internet.de)
- Vietnam-side framework - Law 69/2020/QH14 on Vietnamese workers going abroad, administered by DOLAB (Department of Overseas Labour). (dolab.gov.vn)